考研英语传统阅读与新题型的“必杀技”(二)

　　(以下均节选自万学海文《2009考研英语阅读理解技巧标准全书》)

　　上一篇我们以经济学相关内容的阅读理解为例，向大家解析了传统阅读的解题技巧，在这篇“必杀技”中，我们依然用实体文章向09年考生讲解阅读理解的解题方法与技巧。下面以选自于万学·海文教研中心研发的《2009考研英语阅读理解技巧标准全书》中的一篇与医学相关的篇目为例，教你掌握阅读理解中新题型的解题“必杀技”。

　　阅读新题型——段落排序题

　　医学篇

　　Directions:

　　The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45. you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The second, the fifth and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

　　[A]The Thorax paper doesn't specify the illnesses that may result from weakened lung function, though there is evidence that a rapid decline on the order of those recorded in the study's most hostile subjects can lead to lung disease, heart disease, and even early death. The study's strength, Wright says, is that it uses an interdisciplinary approach involving psychology and medicine, and relies on objective measures of both hostility and lung function.

　　[B]The researchers' next steps are to look at whether the effects of hostility are reversible, and to conduct a similar study of a group of younger people, to get a sense of how early these effects can be seen. “We can intervene later,” says Kubzansky, “but wouldn't it be nice if they never get there in the first place?”

　　[C]Rosalind Wright, assistant professor of medicine at Harvard, notes that the lungs have been neglected in part, because there’s no clear-cut event like a heart attack to show evidence of their decline. But Wright and her colleagues, drawing on new data, say doctors need to pay more attention to lung function and talk about it with at-risk patients.

　　[D]Stress headaches, stress fractures, and stress-induced heart attacks are already well known to the general public. Now new research suggests that the lungs are vulnerable to the effects of stress as well.

　　[E]The results, despite their objectivity, may not entirely please doctors, whose time with patients is already tight. “Clinicians look for: ‘You have it or you don't,’” says Wright's fellow author Laura Kubzansky, an assistant professor in the department of society, human development, and health at the Harvard School of Public Health. “Psychological factors are not so simple. You can't say, ‘Oh, this is a non-hostile person’ in the way that you can say, ‘This is a nonsmoker.’ It makes the whole endeavor harder.”

　　[F]Recently, in the journal Thorax, they published one of the first studies to show that hostility is a risk factor for poor lung function among older men. The researchers found that men who were more hostile at the outset of the study suffered a more rapid rate of decline in their lung function than others. Moreover, the study found that damage to lung function from hostility was comparable to the amount of damage done by cigarettes, an effect even the investigators were surprised to see. That means, says Wright, “Just as smoking can hurt your lungs, harboring hostility may be harmful.”

　　[G]The researchers analyzed data from a long-term study of 670 men aged 45 to 86 whose hostility and lung function were measured several times during an eight-year period. Lung function was assessed using a spirometer, which measures subjects’ lung capacity and rate of airflow when they blow into a tube. Hostility, defined as a personality trait that leads to chronic anger, was measured by a widely used true-false questionnaire that assesses mistrust, resentment, and suspiciousness.

　　[H]Both Wright and Kubzansky say that this research has made them more focused on how people become hostile in the first place. “It changes the way I parent,” says Wright, who is the mother of two children. “When they get furious, I’ll sit down and have a conversation with each of them—one I wish I could have had myself when I was young—about how anger at his brother affects him, and about how it affects his brother.”

　　(一)答题步骤及方法

　　1.精读题目已经给出的首尾段落，推测所要选填内容谈论的中心。

　　由于排序题对逻辑严密性要求，一般来说，选填内容的5个段落逻¼性较强，所谈论内容的中心单一，一旦通过首尾句判定出选填内容的中心，那么在下一步的通读选项中就会有意识的确定每个选项内容和中心的关系，方便下一步对题目的正确解答。

　　2.通读选项，了解每个选项内容，确认选填部分内容明确的中心并勾画出每个段落中的特征词(特征词分析见第一节选择填空内容)，根据特征词排定大概顺序。

　　3.再次精读题目已给出的首段内容，根据其内容和结合西方语言习惯确定41号空选填内容。

　　一般来说，东方人的思维是螺旋型的，西方人则多为直线型。他们在论述一个观点或因果关系时，先直接拿出论点(虽然有时候会引用其他观点作为引出自己观点的铺垫，但对于自己陈述的主要观点部分还是按照先有论点后有论据的顺序进行篇章布局)或结果，然后再去引用论据或原因阐述，这个在历年真题的阅读文章中有较好的体现(本题中的C项和E项)。

　　41空的正确选填对于整个排序题至关重要，因为它一方面关系到考生答题状况(如果考生第一个空都难以作答，自然会感觉全身紧张，紧张直接影响考试发挥状态，这不是命题人所希望看到的)，另一方面也给出后面选项的答题思路。这一空一般不难，而作为已¾给出的首段内容必然含41空的选填暗示，考生需要好好分析给出的第一段内容，从选项中找出与之可以承接的内容。

　　4.根据41空内容和文中关键词，以及选填内容的中心确定42。

　　5.结合文章中心，对剩余三个选项内容进行对比，确定45空的选填内容。

　　一般来说，在剩余的三个选项中，45空作为选填内容的结尾段落，其内容的确定比较容易，这也遵从由易到难逐个击破的答题策略。

　　6.对最后两项进行对比，通过选项内容或选项中的关键词来判定最后两项的排序。

　　总的来说，5个选项的一般难度分布为41空难度最小，其次为42空，再次之是45空，最难的就是43空和44空，但一旦前面叫容易的三个空解决掉了，后面的两个空也自然迎刃而解。

　　7.最后一步，文章补充完整之后，检查整个文章的逻辑关系是否合理。

　　(二)试题分析(技能应用)

　　第一步，找到题目给出文章中已给定的最前面的一段和最末的一段，大概了解文章讲述的内容。

　　从给出的C项我们大概知道本文讲述的主要是有关lung的问题；而给出文章结尾的B项好像谈到的是hostility的影响，两者联系起来我们可以隐约的感觉到本文可能是讲hostility对lung的影响(当然，这里如果不能把这两者内容联系起来也不要紧，我们可以继续从下面找线索)。

　　第二步：按自然顺序通读余下选项A、D、E、F、G、H，了解各选项的内容，勾»出各项中的可以反映出上下关系的关键内容，如：一些关键词、中心词等(尤其关注每段段首和段尾句，因为它们起着承上启下的作用，答题的关键信息一般藏在它们之间)，并勾画出已在题目中排好顺序的选项。

　　通读各选项内容，在通读过程中可以很轻松的判断出D项的位置，从D的内容看，它是第一次引入文章谈论的中心话题the lungs，故41空应该选D。然后，我们分别画出余下选填内容A、E、F、H的关键信息。A中的关键词有The Thorax paper，E中关键词有the results、despite their objectivity、Laura Kubzansky(从选项的内容上我们可以判断出该人物是在这一段第一次出现，下文中如果出现同一个人物是我们判断段落顺序的关键，因此我们把第一次出现的人物也作为关键词)，F中关键词有the journal Thorax、they，H中关键词有Both Wright and Kubzansky、this research。

　　第三步，通过中心词或其他有关联的词把含义内容靠近的选项归在一起，确定选项的顺序。

　　从中心词和关键词我们可以看出，A、E、F、H都是围绕Wright and Kubzansky的研究成果展开的内容，其中A、E、F是围绕the paper的内容，H中的both 显然是对the paper最后的总结，故H应该放在A、E、F的后面，由此可以得出45空应该选H。对于A、E、F，由于F是第一次引出the paper的内容，因此F应该放在A、E之前，由此确定42空应该选F。再对比余下的A、E项，从A、E中含有共同相关的objective内容我们可以判断出A应该在E之前，故43空应该选A，44空应该选E。

　　第四步，把文章整体阅读一遍看逻辑关系是否合适。

　　从选填的内容我们可以看出，文章主要讲述医学工作者发现Hostility(敌对情绪)对肺部健康的影响。文中首段提出压力会导致肺部疾病，第二段到第七段围绕hostility(有时用形容词hostile)使用医学工作者的新研究结果来证明敌对情绪对肺部健康的影响。最后一段提出未来研究方向。行文严谨，逻辑严密。

　　总之，当你熟悉了新题型的解题思路，通过平时的训练以及对真题的研读，掌握了它的考查重点、命题规律后，这种题型的难度自然就降低了。正所谓的熟能生巧！

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