情态动词+完成时
1. must have done表示对过去的肯定推测“一定发生了”。
例句: My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:“Are you feeling all right?” (1996年第2题)
分析: 该句是复合句,the moment后引导一个时间状语从句;定语从句I met前省略了关系代词whom。
译文: 当我走进房间时,我的疼痛一定很明显。因为我遇到的第一个人就同情地问我: “你还好吧?”
2. cant have done表示对过去的否定推测“一定没发生”。
例句: You cant have seen him in his office last Sunday; hes been out of town for several weeks.
分析: 该句是并列句。
译文: 你上周日不可能在办公室见到他,因为他已经离开本镇好几个星期了。
3. could/may have done表示对过去的肯定推测,语气弱于must have done“很可能发生了”。
例句: Nelson could have won the game, with a little more training and a better manager。
分析: 该句是简单句,with a little more training and a better manager相当于一个与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句,即: If he had had a little more training and a better manager.
译文: 如果尼尔森再多加强训练,再有一个好的教练,他就能赢得比赛。
例句: The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. (选自2007年Text 4)
分析: 该句是复合句,though not justified的完整形式应是though it is not justified,其中it指代破折号前所叙述的内容。
译文: 目前此事的状况可能会被激化,虽然不合理,因为(在美国而不是欧洲)缺乏对信息泄露的法律制裁。
4. couldnt have done表示对过去的否定推测,语气弱于cant have done,肯定意味强些,表“可能没发生”。
例句: He couldnt have been robbed in the street last night, in that he was with me the whole night.
分析: 该句实际是一个复合句,其中短语in that为连词,引导原因状语从句。
译文: 他昨晚在街上不可能被抢劫了,因为整晚他都和我在一起。
5. would have done用于与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中,表假设。
例句: The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution”, including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation. (选自2008年Text 4)
分析: 该句的谓语形式是虚拟语气,without引导的介词短语作其条件状语;that引导了一个定语从句修饰clause。
译文: 如果对“特殊体制”没有保护措施的话,南方诸州是不会签署宪法的。“特殊体制”中包括一个议会代表席位的条款,即一个奴隶得按3/5的人头计算。
例句: A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done. (1996年第6题)
分析: 这是两个并列句,根据后个句子可以得知这份安全分析从没有做过,所以前个句子是对过去事实的一种虚拟假设。
译文: 安全分析本可以鉴别出预定目标是个潜在的危险。不幸的是,从未做过这种安全分析。
例句: Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. (选自2006年Text 3)
分析: 该句是复合句,在主从句中都隐含了与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,分词短语leading to an underestimate of fish stocks...在句中作状语表示结果。
译文: 个别的鱼没有被捕捉,是因为没有可用来捕捉它们的带饵的钩,这就导致了过去对鱼类资源的低估。
6. might have done表示本来可能而实际未发生的行为,用在与过去事实相反的假设句中。
例句: We didnt know her telephone number, otherwise we might have telephoned her.
分析: 该句是两个并列分句,前一分句we didnt know her telephone number相当于一个与过去情况相反的虚拟语气从句,即if we had known her telephone number...。
译文: 我们不知道她的电话号码,要不然我们就会打给她。
7. should/ought to +have done表示“本来应该做某事而实际未做”。其否定形式表示“本来不应该做某事,而实际上已做了”。
例句: Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. (选自2006年Part B)
分析: 该句是复合句,charging...是分词短语作状语表示伴随;原因状语从句because后又接一宾语从句。
译文: 现在他正在起诉这家赌场,起诉该赌场在知道他已经上瘾的情况下而未拒绝他入场。
例句: It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. (选自2000年Text 1)
分析: 该句是复合句,as引导一状语从句,主句中it为形式主语,真正的主语为that this primacy should have narrowed。
译文: 随着其他国家日益富强起来,(美国的)霸主地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。
例句:Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldnt have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world.(选自2011年Text 4)
分析:该句是由but连接的两个并列分句。其中,在前一个分句中,if they shouldnt have had kids充当wonder的宾语;在后一个分句中,the message后接一个同位语从句。
译文:不快乐的父母很少被激发对“自己是否本不该要孩子”的思考,但不快乐的无子女者会时常被“孩子是世界上唯一最重要的事情”这一信息所困扰。
8.neednt have done表示本来没必要而实际已发生的行为。
例句: As it turned out to be a small house party, we neednt have dressed up so formally. (1998年第2题)
分析: 该句是复合句,as在句中引导一个状语从句,表示原因。
译文: 原来只不过是一个小小的家庭聚会,我们没有必要穿戴得如此正式。
例句: You neednt have done all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing.
译文: 你本不需要做这些运算!我们有做这类事情的计算机。
另外: must/cant be+名词,表示对现在肯定或否定的推测,意为“一定是”、“一定不是”。
例句: If no surplus is available, a farmer cant be selfsufficient.(选自2000年Cloze Test)
分析: 该句是复合句。
译文: 没有余粮,农民就不能自给自足。
例句: For there to be successful communication there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present. (1996年第8题)
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 要达到成功交流的目的,所有在场的人都要集中精神,积极参加讨论。
9.didnt need to do表示过去不必做,结果也未发生的行为。
例句: He didnt need to get up so early as usual because of illness, so he stayed in bed till the afternoon.
分析: 该句是由so连接的两个并列句。
译文: 由于生病,他不必像往日那样早起,一直在床上躺到中午。