一、陈述句(Declarative Sentence)
叙述一项事实的句子称之为陈述句,可以是肯定句,也可以是否定句。
例句: The capital intended to broaden the export base and secure efficiency gains from international trade was channeled instead of uneconomic import substitution. (2000年第26题)
分析: 该句是简单句,其中分词短语intended to...and secure...international trade作后置定语修饰the capital,主干部分为the capital was channeled。channel作动词,意为“输送,引导”。
译文: 本来用于扩大出口基地从而获得国际贸易效益的资金却用到了非经济进口贸易中去。
例句: Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice. (2005年第49题)
分析: 该句是复合句,主句为Creating a “European identity” is no easy task and demands a strategic choice,定语从句that respects the different...修饰European identity,另一定语从句which go to make up...修饰cultures and traditions。
译文: 不同文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一个整体,要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲特色”绝非易事,需要人们做出战略性选择。
二、疑问句(Interrogative Sentence)
用来提出疑问的句子称为疑问句,包括一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反义疑问句。
(一)一般疑问句(General Question)
可以用yes或no回答的疑问句称为一般疑问句,句中的助动词或情态动词置于主语前,形成倒装语序。在有些情况下,如想表示猜测、惊讶、怀疑时,可用正常语序。
例句: According to what you have just said, am I to understand the new post carries no responsibility with it at all? (1998年第29题)
分析: 该句是复合句,the new post carries no responsibility...在句中作understand的宾语,同时what you have just said也作介词短语according to的宾语。
译文: 根据你所说,我是不是该理解为做这项新工作根本不需要任何责任感?
例句: Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure? (选自2005年Text 2)
分析: 该句是复合句,主句为Do you remember all those years,when引导的定语从句修饰all those years, but在定语从句中连接两个并列宾语从句。
译文: 你还记得科学家们争论说吸烟会致人死亡,而那些怀疑者却坚信我们对此无法得出定论的那些年月吗?
(二)特殊疑问句(Special Question)
用特殊疑问词如who(m),whose,which,what,why,where,when,how就句中某一部分提出疑问的句子称为特殊疑问句,语序为疑问词加一般疑问句。
例句: How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields? (选自2007年Text 2)
分析: 该句是由and连接的并列句。
译文: 有多少智力可以量化?我们从神经学、遗传学、计算机科学和其他领域中又能学到多少智力呢?
例句: If you know what the trouble is, why dont you help them to rectify the situation? (1997年第30题)
分析: 该句是复合句,what the trouble is作从句中谓语动词know的宾语。
译文: 既然你知道问题所在,那为什么不帮助他们摆脱目前的困境呢?
如果疑问词作主语或主语的修饰语时,则用陈述语序。如:
例句: When discussing the issue of unemployment, whose argument is based on the fact?
分析: 该句是复合句,前半部分的完整形式应为when we are discussing...。
译文: 如果讨论失业问题,有谁的观点是以事实为依据的呢?
(三)选择疑问句(Alternative Question)
提出两种或两种以上的情况让对方选择的疑问句称为选择疑问句,常用or连接两个一般疑问句的形式构成,后一问句常用省略式。
例句: Which do you prefer,rose or lilac(紫丁香)?
Did her father travel in France or in Italy last summer?
(四)反义疑问句(Tag Question)
置于陈述句之后,对陈述句所叙述事实提出相反的疑问,这种疑问句称为反义疑问句,形式如下:
①肯定陈述句+否定简略问句;②否定陈述句+肯定简略问句
例句: The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetable no longer fluctuated according to the weather,were not they? (1998年第38题)
分析: 该句是复合句,the price of vegetable no longer fluctuated...作find的宾语。
译文: 当地人十分惊喜地发现蔬菜价格不再随天气变化而波动,是吗?
例句: He does not qualify as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible, does he? (1996年第24题)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中后一个as是连词,引导原因状语从句,前一个as是介词,意为“作为……”,与qualify 一起构成短语意为“有资格做……”。
译文: 他因为发音太差而不够资格当英文教师,是吗?