充当补足语
1.宾语补足语
现在分词常放在感官动词see, look at, hear, listen to, feel, smell, notice, observe, watch, find后以及使役动词get, have, keep, set, send, leave后作宾语补足语。
过去分词常放在see, hear, watch, get, keep, leave, have, like, want, wish, order等词后作宾语补足语。
例句: My students found the book enlightening:it provided them with an abundance of information on the subject.(1997年第24题)
分析: 该句是并列句,冒号后内容对其前内容做进一步说明。
译文: 我的学生发现这本书很有启发性,因为它向学生提供了这一科目的大量信息。
例句: Canadas premiers(the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce heathcare costs.(选自2005年Part B)
分析: 该句是复合句,主句部分为Canadas premiers might spare a moment to do something,together,to reduce heathcare costs;after complaining about...的完整形式为after they are complaining about...。
译文: 加拿大省府的官员们如果在7月下旬年会上对中央政府大发牢骚之后还有力气的话,他们应该花一点时间来做一些实事,尽量减少健康福利的支出。
2.主语补足语
把主动语态转换成被动语态,原先主动语态中的宾语补足语也相应地转变为主语补足语。
例句: I was left wondering what he was driving at by his equivocal remark.
分析: 该句是复合句。what he was driving at作wondering的宾语,wondering作主语补足语成分,其中短语drive at意为“企图,意图,暗示”。
译文: 他模棱两可的言语不禁使我纳闷:他到底是啥意思。
例句: I am kept informed by Professor Richard of the latest developments in genetic engineering in his country.
分析: 该句是简单句。短语keep sb. informed of意为“使某人了解或掌握某事”。
译文: 理查德教授给我讲解了他的国家基因工程的最新进展。
(四)充当状语
分词作状语是分词重要用法,可以表示时间、原因、方式、条件、让步、结果和伴随情况,分词作状语时,其逻辑主语(表示分词动作发出者,是隐含的)与句子主语保持一致,否则就会产生悬垂或荡空结构。
因此得出分词作状语的公式,即:分词(短语)+主谓。在该公式中,“分词(短语)”与“主谓”位置比较灵活,可以前后调换,“主谓”为一完整句子,该句的主语与“分词(短语)”的逻辑主语保持一致,另外,分词在句中作状语,可以根据所表示内容的不同将其改为相应状语从句。
例句: Having read for a long time, his eyes felt uncomfortable.
分析: 句中having read是分词短语作状语表示原因,而该句主语his eyes并不能作它的逻辑主语,即产生悬垂或荡空结构,所以应改为:Having read for a long time (because he had read for a long time), he felt uncomfortable/he felt his eyes uncomfortable.
分析: 该句是简单句。分词短语having read for a long time在句中作状语表示原因。
译文: 由于长时间看书,他感到眼睛不舒服。
例句: Changing from solid to liquid(When water changes from...),water takes in heat from all substance near it, and this absorption produces artificial cold surrounding it.
(1996年第29题)
分析: 该句是并列句。介词短语from all substance near it在句中作状语,表示范围(地点),分词短语changing from solid to liquid在句中作状语,表示时间。
译文: 水从固态变成液态时,吸收它周围所有物质的热量,而这种吸收造成了它周围的非自然低温状态。
例句: Continued exposure to stress has been linked to worsened functioning of the immune system, leaving(and this leaves)a person more liable to infection.
(2000年第20题)
分析: 该句是简单句。分词leaving a person...在句中作状语表示结果。
译文: 持续不断地处于紧张状态已经被证明与免疫系统功能下降有关,这样会使人更容易受到感染。
例句: At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life. (选自2009年Text 1)
分析: 该句是复合句。句子主干是the brain shuts down half of that capacity,分词短语preserving only...作状语,表示伴随, that have seemed...是一个修饰modes of thought的定语从句,介词短语during the first decade or so of life是定语从句中的时间状语。
译文: 然而,在人类青春期过后,大脑就会关闭一半的这种能力,仅仅保留那些在人生最初十几年中看起来最有价值的思维模式。
另外,为了明确表示时间、条件、让步等,有时可在分词前加when,while,if,though等连词。
例句: More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, nonEnglishspeaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met bestpractice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industrys work. (选自2009年Text 3)
分析: 该句是复合句。句子主干是the researchers discovered that...,that后是discovered 的宾语从句,while examining housing construction是时间状语从句,相当于while researchers were examining...,介词短语despite the complexity of...作让步状语。
译文: 最近,在检查房屋建设时,研究人员发现尽管建筑行业工作的复杂性很高,但是在得克萨斯州的休斯敦市,那些没受过教育、不会讲英语的墨西哥工人总是可以达到劳动生产率的最高标准。
例句: Though raised in San Francisco, Dave Mitchell had always preferred to record the plain facts of smalltown life.
分析: 该句是简单句。Though raised in...在句中作状语表示让步,相当于从句Though he was raised in...。
译文: 尽管戴夫·米切尔出生在旧金山长大,但他总是喜欢记录小镇平凡的生活。
例句: When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying“I have no idea.” (选自2007年Part B)
分析: 该句是复合句。what they want to do作asked的宾语,When asked...相当于When they are asked...。
译文: 当问及他们将来想干什么时,应当阻止他们回答说“我还没想好。”