2001年考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解
Text 1
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clearcut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word‘amateur’does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community,and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
51. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as .
[A]sociology and chemistry[B]physics and psychology
[C]sociology and psychology[D]physics and chemistry
52. We can infer from the passage that .
[A]there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation
[B]amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
[C]professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
[D]amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate .
[A]the process of specialization and professionalisation
[B]the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
[C]the change of policies in scientific publications
[D]the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
54. The direct reason for specialization is .
[A]the development in communication[B]the growth of professionalisation
[C]the expansion of scientific knowledge[D]the splitting up of academic societies
核心词汇:
academic[9AkE5demik]a.学院的;学术性的;(academ古希腊哲学家柏拉图及其弟子研究学问的地方+ic形容词后缀→学术的)
accumulate[E5kju:mjuleit]vt.堆积,积累,积聚vi.累积,聚积(ac+cumul堆积+ate→堆积起来→积累);accumulation(n.积累,堆积)即accumulate+tion
amateur[5AmEtE:]a./n.业余(水平)的(运动员、艺术家等)(amat+eur人→热爱的人→业余爱好者)
comparison[kEm5pArisn]n.比较,对比,比喻,比拟(compar+ison名词后缀)
connotation[9cCnEu5teiFEn]n.含蓄,含义(con+not(e)+ation),con前缀“一起”,note记录,ation名词后缀,所有东西都被一起记录在其中→含义
constitute[5kCnstitju:t]vt.组成,构成,形成;设立,建立,任命(con 一起+stitute→放到一起→构成)
crucial[5kru:FiEl, 5kru:FEl]a.至关重要的,决定性的
definition[9defi5niFEn]n.定义,解释;(轮廓影像等的)清晰度;阐明(defin +ition名词后缀→定义)
delay[di5lei]v.耽搁; 延误;推迟; 延期(de不+lay放置→未及时放置好→耽搁)
demonstrate[5demEnstreit]v.论证,证实;演示,说明(de加强+monster+ate动词→加强显示→证明)
distinction[dis5tiNkFEn]n.区别,差别;级别;特性;声望;显赫(distinct+ion名词后缀)
emphasis[5emfEsis]n.加强语气; 强调;(赋予某事物)特殊的意义、 价值或重要性(em加强语气+phas显示+is名词后缀→加强显示→强调)
integrate[5intigreit]v.(使)成为一体,(使)结合在一起(integ完整+ate动词后缀→使结合)
journal[5dVE:nl]n.定期刊物,杂志,日报;日志,日记(journ日期+al形容词后缀→日期,杂志)
logical[5lCdVikEl]a.逻辑的,符合逻辑的(log说话+ic名词后缀→说话的学问+al形容词后缀→合乎逻辑的)
overall[5EuvErC:l]a.全面的,综合的n.(pl.)(套头)工作服
participate[pa:5tisipeit]v.参加, 参与(parti部分,分开+cip进入+ate动词后缀→进入一部分→参加);participation(n.参加;分享)即Parti+cip+ation
primacy[5praimEsi]n.第一或首先的状态; 首席的职责, 重要性(prim第一,主要的+acy名词后缀→重要性)
professional[prE5feFEnl]a.职业的,专门的n.自由职业者,专业人士(profession+al形容词后缀);professionalisation(n.职业化)即professional+is(e)+ation
psychology[sai5kClEdVi]n.心理,心理学,心理状态(psycho心理+logy名词后缀表示科学,学问→心理学)
publication[pQbli5keiFEn]n.出版物;出版,发行;公布,发表(public公众的+ation名词后缀)
reckon[5rekEn]vi.计算,总计,估计(up);猜想;依赖;认为把……看作;视为(reck注意+on表状态或动作的动词后缀 →指望)
referee[refE5ri:]n.裁判员(refer+ee表示人→被提出的人→裁判)
reflect[ri5flekt]v.反射;表达;反映;仔细考虑(re反+flect弯曲返回→反射)
represent[repri5zent]v.描述,表示;代表,代理;阐明,说明(re+present)
response[ris5pCns]n.回答,响应,反应(re回+spons+e名词后缀→承诺回应→回答)
reveal[ri5vi:l]v.展现,显示,揭示,揭露,告诉,泄露(re反+veal→反盖上→不让盖上→揭露)
separate[5sepEreit9 5sepErit]a.分离的,分开的(se分开+par安排+ate动词和形容词后缀→分离)
split[split]v.裂开,劈开;分裂,分离n.分化,分裂,裂口
难句分析:
难句1 No clearcut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word ‘amateur’does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific commUnity and, in Particular, may not fully share its values.
[分析]第一个句子的主干是“No... distinction can be drawn between...”,冒号后面的内容是进一步说明前面的观点。在第二个句子中,一上来就有一个转折词nevertheless,表示语意的转折,其主句是“the word ‘amateur’does carry a connotation...”,后面有一个同位语从句,里面有两个并列谓语。
[译文]在科学领域内,专业与业余之间没有绝对的区分:任何规则都有其例外。但是“业余”这个词的确包含这样的意义,那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体,具体地说,他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。
难句2 The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
[分析]此句中两个分句有同一个主语,即the trend,两个谓语为was obvious和can be illustrated。前一个分句中based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training修饰areas of science。
[译文]特别是在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域,这种倾向自然尤为明显,这可以通过英国的地质学发展过程得到证实。
难句3 Acomparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.
[分析]此句的主语是a comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half(中心词为a comparison),谓语是reveals,宾语主体结构是not simply... but also...所连接的两个并列宾语,注意宾语emphasis和definition前都有分词来修饰。
[译文]对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物进行比较,我们不但发现人们对研究的重视程度在不断增加,而且学术论文的出版标准也在不断变化。
难句4 The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.
[分析]此句主干是“The... result has been to do sth.”。注意逗号后面只是一个名词性的短语,其核心词是a result,可以被看成是前面句子主语的同位语,在其内部主要是一个长的定语从句,而定语从句中又有两个并列的状语first by..., and then by...。
[译文]其整体的结果是使业余人员进入专业性地质学杂志更加困难,而审稿制度的全面引进使这个结果得到加强,这一制度开始是在19世纪的全国性杂志进行,进入20世纪后也在一些地方性地质杂志实行。
文章类型:自然科学——科学史
这篇文章的主题为科学知识的专门化(specialization)与专业化(professionalisation)。
试题解析:
51. 19世纪专业化的发展在像那样的科学领域可能看得更清晰。
[A] 社会学与化学[B] 物理学与心理学
[C] 社会学与心理学[D] 物理学与化学
细节事实题【正确答案】 [D]
定位在第二段倒数第二句找到题干中的19th century,然后在最后一句中找到与题干中be more clearly seen in sciences相对应的most obvious in those areas of science。随后确定文中的关键词areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training。因此[D]为正确选项。
52. 根据本文,我们可以推知:
[A] 专业化和职业化之间几乎没区别。
[B] 业余人员能够在科学的某些领域同专业人员竞争。
[C] 专业人员往往欢迎业余研究人员加入科学团体。
[D] 业余人员拥有全国性学术机构,但没有地方性学术机构。
推理题【正确答案】[B]
首先本题四个选项未曾提及geology,因此不必去第三、四段找考点。从第一段可知,专门化(针对研究领域)与专业化(针对研究人员)都属于相关科学的发展,但二者内容、性质不同,因此[A]项错误。第二段阐述了professionals和amateurs的关系,首句说,二者没有什么截然不同,而且exceptions(特例)can be found to any rule,其潜台词是,对于人们一般所认同的rule——专业比业余要好,也有例外,亦即“在某些情况下,业余人士甚至比专业人士做的更好”,因此[B]项符合题意。[C]项与第二句所说的事实情况(amateur...not fully integrated into the scientific community)相反,[D]项所说的national / local在第二段未曾提及,故都不能选。
53. 作者写地质学的发展是为论证:
[A] 专业化与职业化的发展过程。[B] 业余人员在科学研究中的艰辛。
[C] 科技出版物出版方针的变化。[D] 专业人员对业余人员的歧视。
例证题【正确答案】 [A]
定位在第二段最后两句或第四段第一句。第二段最后一句中的The trend... can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom。说明第三段是作为例证来说明这一trend(趋势)的。而且根据第四段第一句也可进行判断,该句的前半句(Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way)即为第三段的总结,所以选择[A]项。
54. 专业化的直接原因是
[A] 交流的发展。[B] 职业化的发展。
[C] 科学知识的扩展。[D] 学术团体的分化。
细节事实题【正确答案】 [C]
定位在第一段第一句专业化是科学知识不断积累的结果。该句的含义是:科学知识的积累促进了知识的进一步分类和分化(或专门化)。只有[C]项符合题意。
全文翻译:
专业化是科学知识不断积累的结果。通过将学科细化,个人能够继续把握信息并将它作为深入研究的基础。但是专业化仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流过程的有关现象之一。另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。
第一段:简单介绍了科学发展所带来的两个结果:科学的专业化和职业化。
在科学领域内,专业与业余之间没有绝对的区分:任何规则都有其例外。但是“业余”这个词的确包含这样的意义,那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体,具体地说,他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。19世纪的专业化的发展,以及随之而来的对训练的长期性和复杂性的要求,对业余人员进入科学界造成了更大的困难。特别是在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域,这种倾向自然尤为明显,这可以通过英国的地质学发展过程得到证实。
第二段:在科研过程中,专业化的发展,对业余人员进入科学界造成了更大的困难。
对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物进行比较,我们不但发现人们对研究的重视程度在不断增加,而且学术论文的出版标准也在不断变化。因此,在19世纪,局部的地质研究本身就可形成一种有价值的研究;而到了20世纪,如果局部的研究能够被专业人员接受,那么它越来越倾向于涉及体现或思考更广阔的地质面貌。另一方面业余人员继续以旧的方式进行区域的研究。其整体的结果是使业余人员进入专业性地质学杂志更加困难,而审稿制度的全面引进使这个结果得到加强,这一制度开始是在19世纪的全国性杂志进行,进入20世纪后也在一些地方性地质杂志实行。这样发展的必然结果是出现了针对专业读者和业余读者的不同杂志。类似的分化过程也导致专业地质学家聚集起来,形成一两个全国性的团体,而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中,要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体。
第三段:以英国地质学的发展过程为例,说明职业化和专业化过程。
虽然职业化和专业化过程在19世纪的英国地质学界中已经得到迅速发展,但是它的效果直到20世纪才充分显示出来。然而,从科学领域的范围来看,19世纪必须被视为科学结构改变的关键时期。
第四段:在前面几段论述专业化的基础上,指出19世纪被视为科学结构改变的关键时期。