五、考研常见介词辨析
(一)as,like
作介词时as强调同类或完全相似,另有“作为,按照”之意,like强调比较,表示“像……一样”。
例句: In the early 1900s in North America, Germanborn American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. (选自2009年Part B)
分析: 该句是简单句,其中known as historical particularism是分词作后置定语,相当于 which was known as...。
译文: 20世纪早期,在北美,德裔美国人类学家弗朗茨·博厄斯阐述了一种新的文化理论,被称作“历史特殊论”。
例句: Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts churches in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. (选自2009年Text 4)
分析: 该句是复合句,句子主干是there were political leaders like John Winthrop,besides the ninety...after 1629作状语,表示伴随情况,who came to...1629是修饰ministers的定语从句,an educated gentleman,lawyer,and official of the Crown是John Winthrop的同位语,before引导一个时间状语从句。
译文: 除了在1629年之后的十年中来到马萨诸塞教堂的90余位很有学问的牧师之外,还有像约翰·温斯罗普这样的政治领袖。在来到波士顿之前,他是一名受过教育的绅士、律师,他还是英国皇室的官员。
例句: A large fish was slowly swimming through the water, its tail swinging back and forth like the pendulum of a clock.
分析: 该句是简单句,其中its tail swinging是一独立主格结构,在句中作状语,表示伴随。
译文: 一条大鱼在水中缓缓游动,尾巴像钟摆一样来回晃动。
例句: Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. (2003年第65题)
分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分为the anthropological concept of “culture” is an abstract concept。定语从句which makes possible...understanding修饰an abstract concept。
译文: 因此,人类学关于“文化”的概念就像数学中“集合”的概念一样,是一个使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能的抽象概念。
(二)despite,in spite of
两者意义相似,可互换使用,表示“尽管”,但despite后不能接of。
例句: Despite/In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or adapted for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic program for the reading skills.
分析: 该句是简单句。despite/in spite of...在句中作状语表示让步;written or adapted...purposes 作material的后置定语。
译文: 尽管有各种专门为语言学习撰写或改编的阅读材料,但在阅读技巧方面还没有系统的综合课程。
例句: Despite/In spite of much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood. (1996年第16题)
分析: 该句是复合句,定语从句that are not fully understood修饰elements;介词短语in the life cycle of the insect在句中作状语。
译文: 尽管做了大量研究,但昆虫的生活周期中仍有某些元素未被人们完全理解。
(三)except,except for
两者都表示“除外”。如果排除之物与所述之物属于同类时,两者可通用,但如果排除之物与所述之物不属于同类时,则只能用except for。
例句: Hudson said he would not kill a living thing except for the motive of hunger. (1997年第37题)
分析: 该句是复合句。
译文: 哈德逊说除非是饿极了,否则他不会杀生。
例句: He saw little evidence of a strategy, except for willingness to listen to protectionist appeals from the automobile.
分析: 该句是简单句,介词短语from the automobile在句中作定语修饰appeals。
译文: 他认为一项策略只有愿意倾听来自汽车行业的贸易保护主义者的申诉才能有证据支持。